Indeed, the consumption of TCS and TCC and the abundance of antimicrobial products have increased in the U.S. (6, 7) Curiously, triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS), two persistent antimicrobials first introduced to commerce in 19, respectively, (8) feature a very similar chemistry (i.e., two benzene rings carrying multiple chlorines) yet continue to be produced and consumed to this day at high volume. (1, 4) For example, hexachlorophene, introduced in 1948 as a binuclear aromatic organohalide carrying six chlorine substituents, (5) was banned from most uses by the 1970s. However, within a few years, many of these compounds and formulations showed adverse effects, including human toxicity, ecotoxicity, and unwanted environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, quickly leading to regulatory bans and phase-outs.

(1) The resultant synthetic organohalides, which are either absent or rare in natural environments, (2, 3) immediately were put to large volume, worldwide use as biocides. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, it was discovered that the substitution on aromatic rings of hydrogen atoms with chlorine, yielded a novel chemistry of powerful biocides, including antimicrobials.

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